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Toby Riddle
Toby "Winema" Riddle (1848–1920) was a Modoc woman who served as an interpreter in negotiations between the Native American Modoc tribe and the United States Army during the Modoc War (also called the Lava Beds War). She warned the peace commission of a possible Modoc attack, and she saved the life of the chairman Alfred B. Meacham when the 1873 attack took place.
She and her family toured with Meacham after the war, starring in his lecture-play "Tragedy of the Lava Beds", to inform American people about the war. Meacham later published a book about Winema, which he dedicated to her. In 1891 Toby Riddle was one of the few Native American women to be awarded a military pension by the United States Congress, for her heroic actions during the peace negotiations in 1873. (Her first name also appears spelled as "Tobey" in historical records.)
==Early life and education==
She was born Nannookdoowah, which means "strange child," as she was born with red-tinted hair.〔 As a girl, she was named ''Winema,'' (woman chief) after rescuing some playmates from being caught in cascades in their canoe.〔Bales, Rebecca. ("Winema and the Modoc War: One Woman's Struggle for Peace" ), ''Prologue Magazine,'' Spring 2005, Vol. 37, No. 1, National Archives 2005, accessed 30 October 2011〕 As a young woman, she was said to have ridden with raiding parties of men to gather horses from enemy camps.〔 ''Winema'' was a cousin of ''Kintpuash'' (also known as Captain Jack), the leader of the Modoc tribe at the time of the Modoc War.〔( Episode 809: Story 2: "Modoc Basket" ), ''History Detectives,'' PBS, account by Debra Herrera, great-great-granddaughter of Toby Riddle, accessed 31 October 2011〕
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